Amulet - Simple functional programming language in the ML tradition, with support for higher-rank parametric polymorphic types and row-polymorphic records, pattern matching with algebraic data types, and tail recursion elimination.
Hemlock - Synthesizes the expressive type and module systems of ML-family languages, a unified parametric effects/mutability/type system, and the shared-nothing message-passing parallelism of Erlang.
Ink - Minimal programming language inspired by modern JavaScript and Go, with functional style. (Ink By Example)
Tyrade - Pure functional language for type-level programming in Rust.
Unison - Modern, statically-typed purely functional language, similar to Haskell, but with a unique ability to describe entire distributed systems with a single program.
Unlambda - Minimal, "nearly pure" functional programming language invented by David Madore. Based on combinatory logic. (Wiki)
Ur/Web - Implementation of a domain-specific functional programming language for web applications.
Verve - Functional language for the working hacker.
Yeti - ML-like functional language for the JVM. (Web)
Zilch - Statically-typed, low-level, functional programming language with some focus on runtime performance.
Lisp
Carp - Statically typed lisp, without a GC, for real-time applications. (Snippets)
Clojure - Dynamic, general-purpose, combining the approachability and interactive development of a scripting language with an efficient and robust infrastructure for multithreaded programming.
Common Lisp - Modern, multi-paradigm, high-performance, compiled, ANSI-standardized, most prominent (along with Scheme) descendant of the long-running family of Lisp programming languages.
Emacs Lisp - dialect of the Lisp programming language used as a scripting language by Emacs with some later influence from Common Lisp. Created by GNU it supports imperative and functional programming methods.
Inko - Statically-typed, safe, object-oriented programming languages for writing concurrent programs.
Pharo - A pure object-oriented programming language and a powerful environment derived from Squeak Smalltalk.
Smalltalk-72 - A pure message-oriented programming language and its environment implemented in '72 to test Alan Kay's idea of "programming by messaging".
Explicit logical parallelism
Ceu - Reactive language that aims to offer a higher-level and safer alternative to C. (Web)
Estérel - Synchronous reactive language that allows simple expression of parallelism and preemption and is based on logical instants and zero time hypothesis. (Web)
FuncSug - Language for GUI programming that allows program codes to follow the same order as the scenario.
Pendulum - Synchronous reactive language (OCaml extension) to program reactive systems on the Web.
Reactive ML - Synchronous reactive language that combines the temporal expressiveness of synchronous languages with the power of functional programming.(Web)
SugarCubes - Synchronous (à la Boussinot) reactive language that allows to write reactive parallel/concurrent programs on top of sequential JavaScript.
Multi paradigm
Ada - General-purpose, strongly typed, performant, readable and safe language.
Ante - Low-level functional language for exploring refinement types, lifetime inference, and other fun features. (Code) (HN) (Lobsters)
C - General-purpose, imperative, supporting structured programming, lexical variable scope and recursion, while a static type system prevents many unintended operations.
Chaos - Strongly typed, dynamic yet compilable, test-oriented procedural programming language that achieves zero cyclomatic complexity. (HN)
D - General-purpose programming language with static typing, systems-level access, and C-like syntax.
Go - Compiled, statically typed in the tradition of Algol and C, with garbage collection, limited structural typing, memory safety features and CSP-style concurrent programming features added.
Haxe - High-level and strictly-typed, cross-compiles to many different targets.
JavaScript - High-level, dynamic, weakly typed, prototype-based, multi-paradigm, and interpreted.
Julia - High-level, high-performance dynamic language for technical computing.
Nim - Both high-level and systems-level language, with productivity of Python, performance of C and meta-programming of Lisp.
Objective C - General-purpose and object-oriented, adds Smalltalk-style messaging to the C programming language.
Python - Interpreted high-level language for general-purpose programming.
Ring - Innovative and practical general-purpose multi-paradigm language.
Swift - General-purpose, multi-paradigm, compiled programming language.
TypeScript - Strict syntactical superset of JavaScript that adds optional static typing to the language.
Funny
ArnoldC - Programming language based on the one-liners of Arnold Schwarzenegger.
Cognate - Quasi-concatenative stack language that uses embedded comments to read like English prose.
Compose - Experimental programming language. It aims to be teachable, scalable, modern, powerful & precise.
Concurnas - Open source JVM programming language designed for building reliable, scalable, high performance concurrent, distributed and parallel systems. (HN)
Cone - Fast, fit, friendly, and safe systems programming language. (Web)
Copper - Experimental programming language that can be used as a replacement to C and C++.
Cotowali - Statically typed scripting language that transpile into POSIX sh.
Crunch - Strongly & statically typed systems level language focused on ease of use, portability and speed.
Dip - Dynamically typed interpreted programming language written in Python, which gives emphasis to readability and ease of use, while also providing the power of all of python’s libraries. (Code)
Disco - Functional teaching language for use in a discrete mathematics course.
Ditto - Super Kawaii Dependently Typed Programming Language.
Dora - JIT-compiler for the programming language Dora implemented in Rust.
Egison - Programming language that features extensible efficient non-linear pattern matching with backtracking for non-free data types. (Code)
Ein - Functional programming language for scalable development.
Ella - Computer programming language interpreter written in Rust.
Elsa - Minimal, fast and secure QuickJS wrapper written in Go. (HN)
Emojicode - Open-source, full-blown programming language consisting of emojis. (Code)
Enso - Visual and textual functional programming language.
EO - Experimental Object-Oriented Programming Language Based on 𝜑-Calculus. (HN)
FaCT - Flexible and Constant Time Programming Language.
Hook - Cross-platform scripting language with a C-like syntax, dynamic typing, mutable value semantics approach, and memory management through reference counting.
Husky - Programming language designed for many difficult tasks which haven't yet been seen as programmable at all.
_hyperscript - Small scripting language for the web.
Icon - Programming language with a focus on string manipulation. (Lobsters)
Inko - Statically-typed, safe, object-oriented programming language for writing concurrent programs.
IntercalScript - Systems programming language for the web that combines a simple and consistent syntax with a static type system that completely eliminates runtime type errors.
io - Programming language. Inspired by Self, Smalltalk and LISP. (Web)
Jai - High-level programming language developed by Jonathan Blow.
jakt - Memory-safe systems programming language. Currently transpiles to C++.
Kara - Statically typed, LLVM-based programming language. It's designed to be fast and easy to use.
Kara - Experimental programming language inspired by Swift and Idris.
Kernel - Conservative, Scheme-like dialect of Lisp in which everything is a first-class object.
Kinx - Looks like JavaScript, feels like Ruby, and it is the script language fitting in C programmers.
Kitten - Statically typed, stack-based functional programming language designed to be simple and fast. (Code)
Koto - Embeddable scripting language, written in Rust.
Kuljet - Language for writing database-backed HTML applications. (Code)
L2 - Minimalist type-inferred programming language with procedural macro support.
Lama - Programming language developed by JetBrains Research for educational purposes as an exemplary language to introduce the domain of programming languages, compilers and tools.
Lobster - General purpose stand-alone programming language that comes with a built-in library suitable for making games and other graphical things.
LoLa - Small programming language meant to be embedded into games. (Web)
Lore - General-purpose programming language featuring multi-functions, structs and traits, structural typing enabling component-based programming, and intersection and semantic types.
Luau - Fast, small, safe, gradually typed embeddable scripting language derived from Lua. (FAQ) (HN)
Luf - Statically typed, embeddable, scripting language written in Zig.
Luna - Data processing and visualization environment.
Lush - Object-oriented programming language designed for researchers, experimenters, and engineers interested in large-scale numerical and graphic applications.
Luster - Experimental Lua VM implemented in pure Rust.
Luxury - Statically programming language which is targeting embedded programming.
Nelua - Minimal, efficient, statically-typed and meta-programmable systems programming language heavily inspired by Lua, which compiles to C and native code. (Web)
Neon - High-level, statically typed, garbage collected, imperative programming language intended for teaching and learning the craft of programming. (Code)
Neptune - Fast, concurrent and embeddable scripting language.
Nixt - Interpreted lisp inspired programming language written in Rust.
nullc - Fast C-like programming language with advanced features. (HN)
Oak - Portable programming language with an compact intermediate representation.
Oak - Expressive, simple, dynamic programming language. (Code)
Odin - Fast, concise, readable, pragmatic and open sourced. It is designed with the intent of replacing C.
RaptorJIT - Dynamic language for system programming (LuaJIT fork).
Red - Strongly inspired by Rebol, but with a broader field of usage thanks to its native-code compiler, from system programming to high-level scripting and cross-platform reactive GUI. (Web)
Vale - Fast, safe, and easy programming language. It uses single ownership with constraint references for memory safety without garbage collection, and an emphasis on modern, readable syntax. (Code) (HN) (HN 2)
Val - Open source, general-purpose programming language designed around on the concept of (mutable) value semantics.
Verona - Research programming language to explore the concept of concurrent ownership.