Distributed Systems Notes Save
My collection of handwritten notes and resources for learning distributed systems
Project README
Distributed Systems Notes
Currently a work in progress!!
This is my personal collection of links and notes taken while trying to learn about distributed systems.
The structure of these notes is a various mix of paraphrasing/outlines/copying from the resources listed below, depending on what I felt helped me learn the material the best.
In each folder you'll find the PDF notes, a README giving an outline of the included topics, and individual JPG images for each page.
Table of Contents
Resources
Textbooks
- Designing Data-Intensive Applications by Martin Kleppman: http://dataintensive.net/
- Distributed Systems by Maarten van Steen and Andrew S. Tanenbaum: https://www.distributed-systems.net/index.php/books/distributed-systems-3rd-edition-2017/. Used by the University of Waterloo's ECE454 [Distributed Computing] course
- Distributed Algorithms by Nancy A. Lynch: https://learning.oreilly.com/library/view/distributed-algorithms/9781558603486/
- Computer and Network Organization by Maarten van Steen and Hank Sips: https://www.distributed-systems.net/index.php/books/computer-and-network-organization/
- Database Internals by Alex Petrov: https://www.databass.dev/
- Distributed Systems for Fun and Profit by unknown: http://book.mixu.net/distsys/single-page.html
Courses
- University of Waterloo's CS454 [Distributed Systems] notes compilation by unknown: https://paper.dropbox.com/doc/CS-454-Review-Notes-and-Resources-Eb3bsXllcjwyDZrTXMvUM
- University of Waterloo's CS451 [Data-Intensive Distributed Computing] Winter 2019 resources: https://roegiest.com/bigdata-2019w/syllabus.html
- Massachussets Institute of Technology 6.824 [Distributed Systems] Spring 2020 resources: https://pdos.csail.mit.edu/6.824/general.html
- University of Illinois' CS425 [Distributed Systems] Fall 2016 resources: https://courses.engr.illinois.edu/cs425/fa2016/lectures.html
- University of Waterloo's CS346 [Networks and Distributed Computer Systems] https://cs.uwaterloo.ca/~rtholmes/teaching/2011winter/cs436/index.html
- Official Coursera series: https://www.coursera.org/learn/cloud-computing-2#syllabus
- Video series: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLawkBQ15NDEkDJ5IyLIJUTZ1rRM9YQq6N
Academic Papers Hubs
- https://dancres.github.io/Pages/
- http://book.mixu.net/distsys/single-page.html (near the bottom)
- http://dsrg.pdos.csail.mit.edu/papers/
Other Resources
- https://github.com/binhnguyennus/awesome-scalability
- https://github.com/onurakpolat/awesome-bigdata
- https://github.com/mfornos/awesome-microservices
- Suggested resources for networking and distributed systems (and other stuff too) https://teachyourselfcs.com/
Tutorials
- https://dzone.com/articles/creating-a-distributed-system-in-300-lines-with-me
- https://jack-vanlightly.com/blog/2019/2/1/building-a-simple-distributed-system-the-implementation
Introductory Articles
- http://www.hpcs.cs.tsukuba.ac.jp/~tatebe/lecture/h23/dsys/dsd-tutorial.html
- https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/a-thorough-introduction-to-distributed-systems-3b91562c9b3c/
- http://alvaro-videla.com/2015/12/learning-about-distributed-systems.html
- https://www.the-paper-trail.org/post/2014-08-09-distributed-systems-theory-for-the-distributed-systems-engineer/
- https://medium.com/@thehonourablejeffrey/4a-the-beginning-of-the-end-b9c46537b1c5
- https://medium.com/baseds/many-nodes-one-distributed-system-9921f85205c4
- Overview of distributed computing concepts: http://alvaro-videla.com/2015/12/learning-about-distributed-systems.html
Storage, Networking, and Concurrency
Encoding
B-Trees
- Introduction to B-Trees: https://dzone.com/articles/database-btree-indexing-in-sqlite
- SQLite B-Tree specification: https://sqlite.org/src4/doc/trunk/www/bt.wiki
- SQLite B-Tree interior page explanation: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/54546990/in-sqlite-what-is-the-meaning-of-value-of-the-table-b-tree-interior-cells-when
- SQLite search mechanics explanation: https://jvns.ca/blog/2014/10/02/how-does-sqlite-work-part-2-btrees/
Networking
- Networking videos by Sunny Learning: https://m.youtube.com/user/sunnylearning/playlists
- Networking tutorial series by Ben Eater: https://m.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLowKtXNTBypH19whXTVoG3oKSuOcw_XeW
I/O Handling
-
epoll, and OS I/O handling: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/47369971/making-a-http-api-server-asynchronous-with-future-how-does-it-make-it-non-block - A guide to
epoll(in Python): http://scotdoyle.com/python-epoll-howto.html - Flavors of Disk I/O by Alex Petrov: https://medium.com/databasss/on-disk-io-part-1-flavours-of-io-8e1ace1de017
K8s Networking
- Introduction and explanation (part 1): https://itnext.io/an-illustrated-guide-to-kubernetes-networking-part-1-d1ede3322727
Communication Protocols
Multicast
- http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Multicast-HOWTO-2.html
- Explanation of multicast IPs: http://www.steves-internet-guide.com/introduction-multicasting/
Gossip Protocols
- Full discussion of gossip (including strengths and weaknesses, different types, etc.): https://managementfromscratch.wordpress.com/2016/04/01/introduction-to-gossip/
- http://disi.unitn.it/~montreso/ds/papers/montresor17.pdf
- Gossip for failure detection, and messaging: http://highscalability.com/blog/2011/11/14/using-gossip-protocols-for-failure-detection-monitoring-mess.html
- Gossip performance analysis: http://phdopen.mimuw.edu.pl/lato08/notes-1.pdf
Gossip Usage
- Explores gossip practices and nuances: https://ayende.com/blog/169474/gossip-much-use-cases-and-bad-practices-for-gossip-protocols
- Explains various use cases: https://www.quora.com/What-is-a-Gossip-protocol
- Explains usage and role in Cassandra:
- Process bootstrapping and discovery: https://docs.datastax.com/en/archived/cassandra/3.0/cassandra/architecture/archGossipAbout.html
- Anti-entropy process: https://medium.com/@ifesdjeen/database-papers-anti-entropy-without-merkle-trees-deletes-without-tombstones-a47d2b1608f3
Concurrency
Synchrony vs. Asynchrony
- Blocking and non-blocking code mechanics: https://blog.colinbreck.com/calling-blocking-code-there-is-no-free-lunch/
- Asynchrony levels: https://www.reddit.com/r/scala/comments/69loar/meanings_and_levels_of_async_and_nonblocking
- Explanation of how file reads/writes are always synchronous: https://www.remlab.net/op/nonblock.shtml
- Linux AIO: https://kkourt.io/blog/2017/10-14-linux-aio.html
- Thread pool sizing: https://jobs.zalando.com/tech/blog/how-to-set-an-ideal-thread-pool-size/?gh_src=4n3gxh1
Scala Futures/Promises
- Futures vs. promises https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18960339/clarification-needed-about-futures-and-promises-in-scala
- Futures and the execution context: https://www.beyondthelines.net/computing/scala-future-and-execution-context/
- HTTP/IO requests and futures: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/47369971/making-a-http-api-server-asynchronous-with-future-how-does-it-make-it-non-block
Akka Library
- Akka streams: https://blog.colinbreck.com/maximizing-throughput-for-akka-streams/
- Tour of Akka typed: https://manuel.bernhardt.io/2019/07/11/tour-of-akka-typed-protocols-and-behaviors/
Distributed Systems
Design
- https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/DilumBandara/02-topologies-of-distributed-systems
- https://www.slideshare.net/datamantra/building-distributed-systems-from-scratch-part-1
- https://www.slideshare.net/datamantra/building-distributed-processing-system-from-scratch-part-2
- https://www.slideshare.net/datamantra/evolution-of-apache-spark
- Patterns of distributed systems: https://martinfowler.com/articles/patterns-of-distributed-systems/
- Aeron architecture by Martin Thompson: https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=tM4YskS94b0
- Building scalable stateful services by Caitie McCaffrey: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H0i_bXKwujQ&app=desktop
Coordination
Synchronization
Clock and Logical Ordering
- Clock synchronization: https://www.cs.rutgers.edu/~pxk/rutgers/notes/content/09-clock-synchronization-slides-6up.pdf
- Lamport clock breakdown: https://mwhittaker.github.io/blog/lamports_logical_clocks/
- Uses for causality/vector clocks: http://www.bailis.org/blog/causality-is-expensive-and-what-to-do-about-it/
- See Maarten van Steen's textbook and the University of Illinois' CS425 resources
Leader Election
- Bully Algorithm network optimization: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224568576_A_New_Approach_For_Election_Algorithm_in_Distributed_Systems
- Explanation of why the Bully Algorithm isn't enough: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/27558708/whats-the-benefit-of-advanced-master-election-algorithms-over-bully-algorithm
Cluster Membership
- SWIM paper: https://www.cs.cornell.edu/projects/Quicksilver/public_pdfs/SWIM.pdf
- SWIM/Gossip breakdown video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bkmbWsDz8LM
- SWIM protocol explanation: https://blog.kevingomez.fr/2019/01/29/clusters-and-membership-discovering-the-swim-protocol/
- Manual membership implementation: https://github.com/hashicorp/memberlist
- Akka cluster architecture: https://www.slideshare.net/jboner/the-road-to-akka-cluster-and-beyond
- Service discovery with ZooKeeper, etcd, Consul, and CRDTs: https://medium.com/@unmeshvjoshi/service-discovery-with-crdts-fb02bb48cfff
Replication
- Synchronous replication pitfalls: http://rhaas.blogspot.com/2019/09/synchronous-replication-is-trap.html?m=1
- Chain replication explanation: http://dsrg.pdos.csail.mit.edu/2013/08/08/chain-replication/
- Chain replication by Robbert van Renesse and Fred B. Schneider, 2004: http://static.usenix.org/legacy/events/osdi04/tech/full_papers/renesse/renesse.pdf
Consensus
- Impossibility of Distributed Consensus with One Faulty Process: https://groups.csail.mit.edu/tds/papers/Lynch/jacm85.pdf
- Consensus concepts: https://medium.com/s/story/lets-take-a-crack-at-understanding-distributed-consensus-dad23d0dc95
- Consensus: Bridging Theory and Practice by Diego Ongaro: https://web.stanford.edu/~ouster/cgi-bin/papers/OngaroPhD.pdf
Raft
- Raft paper (extended): https://pdos.csail.mit.edu/6.824/papers/raft-extended.pdf
- Raft protocol breakdown: https://youtube.com/watch?v=vYp4LYbnnW8
- Raft interactive visualization: https://raft.github.io/
- Raft walkthrough: http://thesecretlivesofdata.com/raft/
- MIT's Student Guide to Raft: https://thesquareplanet.com/blog/students-guide-to-raft/
Paxos
- Paxos explanation: http://lamport.azurewebsites.net/pubs/paxos-simple.pdf
Consistency
- Consistency model hierarchy and analysis of popular DBs: https://jepsen.io/consistency
- Linearizability vs. serializability: http://www.bailis.org/blog/linearizability-versus-serializability/
Serializability and Transactional Consistency
- Transactions and concurrency patterns: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=onYjxRcToto
- Transaction implementation in PostgreSQL: http://www.interdb.jp/pg/pgsql05.html
- Comparison of distributed transaction architecture (by Jepsen): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w_zYYF3-iSo
- Comparison of different isolation levels: https://dba.stackexchange.com/questions/212983/is-snapshot-isolation-good
- MVCC explanation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sxabCqWsFHg
Linearizability and Replica Consistency
- Linearizability paper: https://cs.brown.edu/~mph/HerlihyW90/p463-herlihy.pdf
- Linearizability and consensus: https://medium.com/@thisisananth/consistency-consensus-8cd893a47f08
- Key/value store based on Raft: https://groups.google.com/forum/#!msg/raft-dev/uYlZzVCIJTs/Jiv_q2woqXMJ
- Distributed locking at Uber, consistency vs. availability: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MDuagr729aU
- How to do distributed locking: https://martin.kleppmann.com/2016/02/08/how-to-do-distributed-locking.html
Distributed Storage
File Systems
- Google File System (GFS) paper: https://static.googleusercontent.com/media/research.google.com/en//archive/gfs-sosp2003.pdf
- Google File System explanation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eRgFNW4QFDc
Relational
- https://blog.sqlauthority.com/2014/10/06/mysql-how-to-create-a-distributed-relational-sql-database/amp/
- Relational database concepts videos: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL_c9BZzLwBRK0Pc28IdvPQizD2mJlgoID
- Database normalization explained: https://www.guru99.com/database-normalization.html
- Database normalization's correspondence to 1-1/1-M/M-M: https://www.reddit.com/r/learnprogramming/comments/dnd7wf/1nf_2nf_and_3nf/f5c425p/
- SQLite file IO specification: https://www.sqlite.org/fileio.html#tocentry_132
- SQLite file format specification: https://www.sqlite.org/fileformat.html
Hash Tables
- Chord algorithm paper: https://pdos.csail.mit.edu/papers/ton:chord/paper-ton.pdf
- https://medium.com/techlog/chord-building-a-dht-distributed-hash-table-in-golang-67c3ce17417b
- https://hackernoon.com/consistent-hashing-with-bounded-loads-using-a-red-black-tree-b5aaf0d8540f?source=post_page
Dynamo-style (NoSQL)
- Original paper: https://www.allthingsdistributed.com/files/amazon-dynamo-sosp2007.pdf
- Dynamo overview: https://priyankvex.wordpress.com/2019/10/05/trying-to-wrap-my-head-around-the-dynamo-storage-system-a-deep-dive/
- Dynamo walkthrough: https://www.dynamodbguide.com/the-dynamo-paper/
Caches
- Distributed cache design
Microservices
Design
- Synchronous vs. asynchronous design: https://dzone.com/articles/patterns-for-microservices-sync-vs-async
- CQRS breakdown: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/architecture/patterns/cqrs
Event Sourcing
- Event sourcing explanation: https://microservices.io/patterns/data/event-sourcing.html
- Vector clock timestamping: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/41082938/event-sourcing-microservices-how-to-manage-timestamp
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