AtomicSyscall

Tools and PoCs for Windows syscall investigation.

Table Of Contents

• AtomicSyscall
  • HeavensGate
  • SyscallDumper
  • SyscallPoCs
  • SyscallResolvers
  • Get-SyscallNumber.ps1
  • Reference
  • Acknowledgments

HeavensGate

This directory is for Heaven's Gate technique. See README.md

SyscallDumper

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Project

This tool is to dump Windows syscall from ntdll.dll or win32u.dll:

C:\Tools>SyscallDumper.exe -h

SyscallDumper - Tool to dump syscall.

Usage: SyscallDumper.exe [Options] [INPUT_DLL_1] [INPUT_DLL_2]

        -h, --help   : Displays this help message.
        -d, --dump   : Flag to dump syscall from ntdll.dll or win32u.dll.
        -D, --diff   : Flag to take diff between 2 dlls.
        -f, --format : Specifies output format. "c" for C/C++, "cs" for CSharp, "py" for Python.
        -n, --number : Specifies syscall number to lookup in decimal or hex format.
        -o, --output : Specifies output file (e.g. "-o result.txt").
        -s, --search : Specifies search filter (e.g. "-s createfile").
        INPUT_DLL_1  : Specifies path of ntdll.dll or win32u.dll. Older one in diffing.
        INPUT_DLL_2  : Specifies path of ntdll.dll or win32u.dll. Newer one in diffing.

To dump syscall numbers from ntdll.dll or win32u.dll, use -d (--dump) option. If you don't specifies source DLL, this tool dumps syscall numbers from C:\Windows\System32\ntdll.dll and C:\Windows\System32\win32u.dll:

C:\Tools>SyscallDumper.exe -d

[*] No target is specified.
[>] Dumping from system default ntdll.dll and win32u.dll.
[>] Loading C:\Windows\System32\ntdll.dll.
[+] C:\Windows\System32\ntdll.dll is loaded successfully.
    [*] Architecture : AMD64
    [*] Image Name   : ntdll.dll
[+] Got 463 syscall(s).
[>] Loading C:\Windows\System32\win32u.dll.
[+] C:\Windows\System32\win32u.dll is loaded successfully.
    [*] Architecture : AMD64
    [*] Image Name   : win32u.dll
[+] Got 1258 syscall(s).

[Syscall Table from C:\Windows\System32\ntdll.dll]

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Syscall Name                                          | Number | Number (hex) |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| NtAcceptConnectPort                                   | 2      | 0x0002       |
| NtAccessCheck                                         | 0      | 0x0000       |

--snip--

| NtWriteVirtualMemory                                  | 58     | 0x003A       |
| NtYieldExecution                                      | 70     | 0x0046       |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[*] Found 463 syscall(s).


[Syscall Table from C:\Windows\System32\win32u.dll]

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Syscall Name                                            | Number | Number (hex) |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| NtBindCompositionSurface                                | 4373   | 0x1115       |
| NtCloseCompositionInputSink                             | 4374   | 0x1116       |

--snip--

| NtValidateCompositionSurfaceHandle                      | 5350   | 0x14E6       |
| NtVisualCaptureBits                                     | 5351   | 0x14E7       |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[*] Found 1258 syscall(s).

If you want to filter syscall name from dump result, use -s (--search) option. And you can save result to a file with -o (--output) option as follows:

C:\Tools>SyscallDumper.exe -d C:\SyscallSamples\1809x64\ntdll.dll -s token -o result.txt

[>] Loading C:\SyscallSamples\1809x64\ntdll.dll.
[+] C:\SyscallSamples\1809x64\ntdll.dll is loaded successfully.
    [*] Architecture : AMD64
    [*] Image Name   : ntdll.dll
[+] Got 462 syscall(s).
[>] Trying to save results.
    [*] Output File Path : c:\Tools\result.txt
[+] Results are saved successfully.

c:\Tools>type result.txt
[Syscall Table from C:\SyscallSamples\1809x64\ntdll.dll]

--------------------------------------------------------------
| Syscall Name                       | Number | Number (hex) |
--------------------------------------------------------------
| NtAdjustGroupsToken                | 107    | 0x006B       |
| NtAdjustPrivilegesToken            | 65     | 0x0041       |
| NtAdjustTokenClaimsAndDeviceGroups | 108    | 0x006C       |
| NtCompareTokens                    | 155    | 0x009B       |
| NtCreateLowBoxToken                | 172    | 0x00AC       |
| NtCreateToken                      | 191    | 0x00BF       |
| NtCreateTokenEx                    | 192    | 0x00C0       |
| NtDuplicateToken                   | 66     | 0x0042       |
| NtFilterToken                      | 222    | 0x00DE       |
| NtFilterTokenEx                    | 223    | 0x00DF       |
| NtImpersonateAnonymousToken        | 246    | 0x00F6       |
| NtOpenProcessToken                 | 290    | 0x0122       |
| NtOpenProcessTokenEx               | 48     | 0x0030       |
| NtOpenThreadToken                  | 36     | 0x0024       |
| NtOpenThreadTokenEx                | 47     | 0x002F       |
| NtQueryInformationToken            | 33     | 0x0021       |
| NtQuerySecurityAttributesToken     | 339    | 0x0153       |
| NtSetInformationToken              | 404    | 0x0194       |
--------------------------------------------------------------

[*] Found 18 syscall(s).
[*] Filter String : "token"

Using -n (--number) option, you can lookup syscall name by syscall number as follows. If you want to specifies the syscall number in hex format, should be start with "0x".

C:\Tools>SyscallDumper.exe -d C:\dev\SyscallSamples\21H1x64\ntdll.dll -n 85

[>] Loading C:\dev\SyscallSamples\21H1x64\ntdll.dll.
[+] C:\dev\SyscallSamples\21H1x64\ntdll.dll is loaded successfully.
    [*] Architecture : AMD64
    [*] Image Name   : ntdll.dll
[+] Got 470 syscall(s).

[Syscall Table from C:\dev\SyscallSamples\21H1x64\ntdll.dll]

----------------------------------------
| Syscall Name | Number | Number (hex) |
----------------------------------------
| NtCreateFile | 85     | 0x0055       |
----------------------------------------

[*] Found 1 syscall(s).


C:\Tools>SyscallDumper.exe -d C:\dev\SyscallSamples\21H1x64\ntdll.dll -n 0x55

[>] Loading C:\dev\SyscallSamples\21H1x64\ntdll.dll.
[+] C:\dev\SyscallSamples\21H1x64\ntdll.dll is loaded successfully.
    [*] Architecture : AMD64
    [*] Image Name   : ntdll.dll
[+] Got 470 syscall(s).

[Syscall Table from C:\dev\SyscallSamples\21H1x64\ntdll.dll]

----------------------------------------
| Syscall Name | Number | Number (hex) |
----------------------------------------
| NtCreateFile | 85     | 0x0055       |
----------------------------------------

[*] Found 1 syscall(s).

If you want to change output format, use -f (--format) option. Currently, C/C++ (c), CSharp (cs) and Python (py) are supported:

C:\Tools>SyscallDumper.exe -d C:\dev\SyscallSamples\Win11Arm64\ntdll-arm64.dll -f c

[>] Loading C:\dev\SyscallSamples\Win11Arm64\ntdll-arm64.dll.
[+] C:\dev\SyscallSamples\Win11Arm64\ntdll-arm64.dll is loaded successfully.
    [*] Architecture : ARM64
    [*] Image Name   : ntdll.dll
[+] Got 486 syscall(s).

[Syscall Table from C:\dev\SyscallSamples\Win11Arm64\ntdll-arm64.dll]

enum NT_SYSCALLS
{
    NtAcceptConnectPort = 2,
    NtAccessCheck = 0,
    NtAccessCheckAndAuditAlarm = 41,

--snip--

    NtWriteVirtualMemory = 58,
    NtYieldExecution = 70
}

[*] Found 486 syscall(s).



C:\Tools>SyscallDumper.exe -d C:\dev\SyscallSamples\Win11Arm64\ntdll-arm64.dll -f cs

[>] Loading C:\dev\SyscallSamples\Win11Arm64\ntdll-arm64.dll.
[+] C:\dev\SyscallSamples\Win11Arm64\ntdll-arm64.dll is loaded successfully.
    [*] Architecture : ARM64
    [*] Image Name   : ntdll.dll
[+] Got 486 syscall(s).

[Syscall Table from C:\dev\SyscallSamples\Win11Arm64\ntdll-arm64.dll]

public enum NT_SYSCALLS
{
    NtAcceptConnectPort = 2,
    NtAccessCheck = 0,
    NtAccessCheckAndAuditAlarm = 41,


--snip--

    NtWriteVirtualMemory = 58,
    NtYieldExecution = 70
}

[*] Found 486 syscall(s).



C:\Tools>SyscallDumper.exe -d C:\dev\SyscallSamples\Win11Arm64\ntdll-arm64.dll -f py

[>] Loading C:\dev\SyscallSamples\Win11Arm64\ntdll-arm64.dll.
[+] C:\dev\SyscallSamples\Win11Arm64\ntdll-arm64.dll is loaded successfully.
    [*] Architecture : ARM64
    [*] Image Name   : ntdll.dll
[+] Got 486 syscall(s).

[Syscall Table from C:\dev\SyscallSamples\Win11Arm64\ntdll-arm64.dll]

g_NtSyscalls = {
    "NtAcceptConnectPort": 2,
    "NtAccessCheck": 0,
    "NtAccessCheckAndAuditAlarm": 41,
    "NtAccessCheckByType": 99,
    "NtAccessCheckByTypeAndAuditAlarm": 89,

--snip--

To take difference between 2 DLL's syscall tables, use -D (--diff) option as follows:

C:\Tools>SyscallDumper.exe -D C:\dev\SyscallSamples\1809x64\win32u.dll C:\dev\SyscallSamples\1903x64\win32u.dll

[>] Trying to take diff.
    [*] Old File : C:\dev\SyscallSamples\1809x64\win32u.dll
    [*] New File : C:\dev\SyscallSamples\1903x64\win32u.dll
[>] Loading C:\dev\SyscallSamples\1809x64\win32u.dll.
[+] C:\dev\SyscallSamples\1809x64\win32u.dll is loaded successfully.
    [*] Architecture : AMD64
    [*] Image Name   : win32u.dll
[+] Got 1242 syscall(s).
[>] Loading C:\dev\SyscallSamples\1903x64\win32u.dll.
[+] C:\dev\SyscallSamples\1903x64\win32u.dll is loaded successfully.
    [*] Architecture : AMD64
    [*] Image Name   : win32u.dll
[+] Got 1258 syscall(s).

################################################
#               DELETED SYSCALLS               #
################################################

-------------------------------------------------------------------
| Syscall Name                            | Number | Number (hex) |
-------------------------------------------------------------------
| NtDCompositionCreateSharedVisualHandle  | 4391   | 0x1127       |
| NtGdiDdDDINetDispStopSessions           | 4608   | 0x1200       |
| NtGdiDdDDISetDisplayPrivateDriverFormat | 4664   | 0x1238       |
| NtMITCoreMsgKGetConnectionHandle        | 4907   | 0x132B       |
| NtMITCoreMsgKSend                       | 4909   | 0x132D       |
| NtMITSynthesizeMouseWheel               | 4919   | 0x1337       |
| NtMITWaitForMultipleObjectsEx           | 4922   | 0x133A       |
| NtUserGetPointerFrameArrivalTimes       | 5105   | 0x13F1       |
-------------------------------------------------------------------

[*] Deleted 8 syscall(s).


################################################
#               MODIFIED SYSCALLS              #
################################################

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Syscall Name                                       | Number       | Number (hex)     |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| NtDxgkEndTrackedWorkload                           | 4435 -> 4436 | 0x1153 -> 0x1154 |
| NtDxgkGetAvailableTrackedWorkloadIndex             | 4436 -> 4437 | 0x1154 -> 0x1155 |

--snip--

| NtValidateCompositionSurfaceHandle                 | 5334 -> 5350 | 0x14D6 -> 0x14E6 |
| NtVisualCaptureBits                                | 5335 -> 5351 | 0x14D7 -> 0x14E7 |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[*] Modified 623 syscall(s).


################################################
#                 NEW SYSCALLS                 #
################################################

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Syscall Name                                            | Number | Number (hex) |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| NtDCompositionCreateSharedResourceHandle                | 4391   | 0x1127       |
| NtDxgkDispMgrOperation                                  | 4435   | 0x1153       |

--snip--

| NtUserSetMagnificationDesktopMagnifierOffsetsDWMUpdated | 5283   | 0x14A3       |
| NtUserSetProcessMousewheelRoutingMode                   | 5293   | 0x14AD       |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[*] Added 24 syscall(s).

SyscallPoCs

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Project

The purpose of this project is to investigate how attackers resolve and execute Windows syscall. All PoCs try to list kernel modules by NtQuerySystemInformation syscall.

SyscallResolvers

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Project

The purpose of this project is to help to learn how in-memory syscall number resolve techniques work:

The following figure shows the difference between Hell's Gate and Halo's Gate in anti-virus software installed environment. Hell's Gate technique does not work for patched NtCreateProcessEx function. On the other hand, Halo's Gate technique works for patched NtCreateProcessEx function:

In some anti-virus software installed machine, some ntdll.dll code is hooked as following debugger output:

0:001> u ntdll!ntcreateprocessex
ntdll!NtCreateProcessEx:
00007fff`b33ef700 e9930a1800      jmp     00007fff`b3570198
00007fff`b33ef705 cc              int     3
00007fff`b33ef706 cc              int     3
00007fff`b33ef707 cc              int     3
00007fff`b33ef708 f604250803fe7f01 test    byte ptr [SharedUserData+0x308 (00000000`7ffe0308)],1
00007fff`b33ef710 7503            jne     ntdll!NtCreateProcessEx+0x15 (00007fff`b33ef715)
00007fff`b33ef712 0f05            syscall
00007fff`b33ef714 c3              ret

But process which created by NtCreateUserProcess or NtCreateProcessEx are loaded only non-hooked ntdll.dll in initial state. We can confirm it with scanning suspended initial process memory. Suspended process cannot be attached with debugger, so I wrote a small tool ProcMemScan. To test it, I implemented -d flag which can pause initial process to the InitialProcessResolver after syscall number detection:

PS C:\Dev> .\InitialProcessResolver.exe -n ntcreateprocessex -d

[>] Trying to create initial process.
[+] Initial process is created successfully.
    [*] Process Name : svchost
    [*] Process ID   : 1336
[>] Trying to dump Nt API address.
[*] ntdll.dll @ 0x00007FFFB3350000
[+] Got 491 entries (Architecure: AMD64).
[+] NtCreateProcessEx @ 0x00007FFFB33EF700
[+] Syscall number for NtCreateProcessEx is 77 (0x4D).
[*] Debug break. To exit this program, hit [ENTER] key.

We can confirm that the syscall number for NtCreateProcessEx is 77 from output, and svchost process is created by InitialProcessResolver is 1336. By scanning this svchost with ProcMemScan, we can see that the svchost process loads only ntdll.dll as follows:

PS C:\Dev> .\ProcMemScan.exe -p 1336 -l

[>] Trying to get target process memory information.
[*] Target process is 'svchost' (PID : 1336).
[+] Got target process memory information.

              Base           Size State       Protect                    Type        Mapped
0x0000000000000000     0x7FFE0000 MEM_FREE    PAGE_NOACCESS              NONE        N/A
0x000000007FFE0000         0x1000 MEM_COMMIT  PAGE_READONLY              MEM_PRIVATE N/A
0x000000007FFE1000         0xC000 MEM_FREE    PAGE_NOACCESS              NONE        N/A
0x000000007FFED000         0x1000 MEM_COMMIT  PAGE_READONLY              MEM_PRIVATE N/A
0x000000007FFEE000   0xBCE9C12000 MEM_FREE    PAGE_NOACCESS              NONE        N/A
0x000000BD69C00000        0x28000 MEM_RESERVE NONE                       MEM_PRIVATE N/A
0x000000BD69C28000         0x3000 MEM_COMMIT  PAGE_READWRITE             MEM_PRIVATE N/A
0x000000BD69C2B000       0x1D5000 MEM_RESERVE NONE                       MEM_PRIVATE N/A
0x000000BD69E00000        0x79000 MEM_RESERVE NONE                       MEM_PRIVATE N/A
0x000000BD69E79000         0x3000 MEM_COMMIT  PAGE_READWRITE, PAGE_GUARD MEM_PRIVATE N/A
0x000000BD69E7C000         0x4000 MEM_COMMIT  PAGE_READWRITE             MEM_PRIVATE N/A
0x000000BD69E80000  0x145FCB70000 MEM_FREE    PAGE_NOACCESS              NONE        N/A
0x00000203669F0000        0x20000 MEM_COMMIT  PAGE_READWRITE             MEM_PRIVATE N/A
0x0000020366A10000        0x1F000 MEM_COMMIT  PAGE_READONLY              MEM_MAPPED  N/A
0x0000020366A2F000 0x7BF1C9D61000 MEM_FREE    PAGE_NOACCESS              NONE        N/A
0x00007DF530790000         0x1000 MEM_COMMIT  PAGE_EXECUTE_READ          MEM_PRIVATE N/A
0x00007DF530791000         0xF000 MEM_FREE    PAGE_NOACCESS              NONE        N/A
0x00007DF5307A0000         0x1000 MEM_COMMIT  PAGE_READONLY              MEM_MAPPED  N/A
0x00007DF5307A1000         0xF000 MEM_FREE    PAGE_NOACCESS              NONE        N/A
0x00007DF5307B0000      0x1C67000 MEM_RESERVE NONE                       MEM_MAPPED  N/A
0x00007DF532417000         0x2000 MEM_COMMIT  PAGE_NOACCESS              MEM_MAPPED  N/A
0x00007DF532419000       0x165000 MEM_RESERVE NONE                       MEM_MAPPED  N/A
0x00007DF53257E000         0x1000 MEM_COMMIT  PAGE_NOACCESS              MEM_MAPPED  N/A
0x00007DF53257F000  0x1F7D2E4F000 MEM_RESERVE NONE                       MEM_MAPPED  N/A
0x00007FED053CE000         0x1000 MEM_COMMIT  PAGE_READONLY              MEM_MAPPED  N/A
0x00007FED053CF000    0x809C3D000 MEM_RESERVE NONE                       MEM_MAPPED  N/A
0x00007FF50F00C000         0x2000 MEM_COMMIT  PAGE_READONLY              MEM_MAPPED  N/A
0x00007FF50F00E000     0x1F049000 MEM_RESERVE NONE                       MEM_MAPPED  N/A
0x00007FF52E057000      0x1426000 MEM_COMMIT  PAGE_NOACCESS              MEM_MAPPED  N/A
0x00007FF52F47D000         0x9000 MEM_COMMIT  PAGE_READONLY              MEM_MAPPED  N/A
0x00007FF52F486000      0x132A000 MEM_RESERVE NONE                       MEM_MAPPED  N/A
0x00007FF5307B0000    0x270F80000 MEM_FREE    PAGE_NOACCESS              NONE        N/A
0x00007FF7A1730000         0x1000 MEM_COMMIT  PAGE_READONLY              MEM_IMAGE   C:\Windows\System32\svchost.exe
0x00007FF7A1731000         0x7000 MEM_COMMIT  PAGE_EXECUTE_READ          MEM_IMAGE   C:\Windows\System32\svchost.exe
0x00007FF7A1738000         0x4000 MEM_COMMIT  PAGE_READONLY              MEM_IMAGE   C:\Windows\System32\svchost.exe
0x00007FF7A173C000         0x1000 MEM_COMMIT  PAGE_WRITECOPY             MEM_IMAGE   C:\Windows\System32\svchost.exe
0x00007FF7A173D000         0x1000 MEM_COMMIT  PAGE_READONLY              MEM_IMAGE   C:\Windows\System32\svchost.exe
0x00007FF7A173E000         0x1000 MEM_COMMIT  PAGE_WRITECOPY             MEM_IMAGE   C:\Windows\System32\svchost.exe
0x00007FF7A173F000         0x2000 MEM_COMMIT  PAGE_READONLY              MEM_IMAGE   C:\Windows\System32\svchost.exe
0x00007FF7A1741000    0x811C0F000 MEM_FREE    PAGE_NOACCESS              NONE        N/A
0x00007FFFB3350000         0x1000 MEM_COMMIT  PAGE_READONLY              MEM_IMAGE   C:\Windows\System32\ntdll.dll
0x00007FFFB3351000       0x130000 MEM_COMMIT  PAGE_EXECUTE_READ          MEM_IMAGE   C:\Windows\System32\ntdll.dll
0x00007FFFB3481000        0x4D000 MEM_COMMIT  PAGE_READONLY              MEM_IMAGE   C:\Windows\System32\ntdll.dll
0x00007FFFB34CE000         0xC000 MEM_COMMIT  PAGE_WRITECOPY             MEM_IMAGE   C:\Windows\System32\ntdll.dll
0x00007FFFB34DA000         0xF000 MEM_COMMIT  PAGE_READONLY              MEM_IMAGE   C:\Windows\System32\ntdll.dll
0x00007FFFB34E9000         0x1000 MEM_COMMIT  PAGE_READWRITE             MEM_IMAGE   C:\Windows\System32\ntdll.dll
0x00007FFFB34EA000         0x3000 MEM_COMMIT  PAGE_WRITECOPY             MEM_IMAGE   C:\Windows\System32\ntdll.dll
0x00007FFFB34ED000        0x77000 MEM_COMMIT  PAGE_READONLY              MEM_IMAGE   C:\Windows\System32\ntdll.dll
0x00007FFFB3564000     0x4CA8C000 MEM_FREE    PAGE_NOACCESS              NONE        N/A

[*] Completed.

PS C:\Dev>

And NtCreateProcessEx code is not hooked:

PS C:\Dev> .\ProcMemScan.exe -p 1336 -d -b 0x00007FFFB33EF700 -r 20

[>] Trying to dump target process memory.
[*] Target process is 'svchost' (PID : 1336).
[+] Got target process memory.
    [*] BaseAddress       : 0x00007FFFB33EF000
    [*] AllocationBase    : 0x00007FFFB3350000
    [*] RegionSize        : 0x92000
    [*] AllocationProtect : PAGE_EXECUTE_WRITECOPY
    [*] State             : MEM_COMMIT
    [*] Protect           : PAGE_EXECUTE_READ
    [*] Type              : MEM_IMAGE
    [*] Mapped File Path  : C:\Windows\System32\ntdll.dll
    [*] Hexdump (0x20 Bytes):

                           00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F

        00007FFFB33EF700 | 4C 8B D1 B8 4D 00 00 00-F6 04 25 08 03 FE 7F 01 | L.Ñ,M... ö.%.._..
        00007FFFB33EF710 | 75 03 0F 05 C3 CD 2E C3-0F 1F 84 00 00 00 00 00 | u...AI.A ........


[*] Completed.

PS C:\Dev>

Get-SyscallNumber.ps1

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Script

In this script, following 3 functions are implemented:

• Get-ModuleHandle : As the name implies, this function resolve loaded module's base address as GetModuleHandle API.

• Get-ProcAddress : As the name implies, this function resolve export function's address as GetProcAddress API.

• Get-SyscallNumber : This function resolve syscall number with Hell's Gate or Halo's Gate technique.

If you want to resolve module base address such as ntdll.dll, set the module name as 1st arguments or -ModuleName option:

PS C:\> Import-Module C:\dev\Get-SyscallNumber.ps1
PS C:\> Get-ModuleHandle ntdll.dll
140720055189504
PS C:\> (140720055189504).ToString("X16")
00007FFBF0E70000
PS C:\> Get-ModuleHandle -ModuleName kernel32.dll
140720022028288
PS C:\> (140720022028288).ToString("X16")
00007FFBEEED0000
PS C:\>

To resolve export function address in a module, set base address of the module and export function name for Get-ProcAddress function. The base address of the module should be specified with 1st argument or -Module option. The export function name should be specified with 2nd argument or -ProcName option as follows:

PS C:\> $ntdll = Get-ModuleHandle -ModuleName ntdll.dll
PS C:\> Get-ProcAddress $ntdll NtCreateToken
140720055839008
PS C:\> (140720055839008).ToString("X16")
00007FFBF0F0E920
PS C:\> Get-ProcAddress -ProcName ntcreatetoken -Module $ntdll
140720055839008
PS C:\>

If you want to know syscall number, set the syscall name to 1st argument or -SyscallName option for Get-SyscallNumber function:

PS C:\> Get-SyscallNumber ntcreateuserprocess
Syscall Number : 0xC8
200
PS C:\> Get-SyscallNumber -SyscallName ntcreateprocessex
Syscall Number : 0x4D
77
PS C:\>

Reference

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Fundamentals

• https://jhalon.github.io/utilizing-syscalls-in-csharp-1/

• https://jhalon.github.io/utilizing-syscalls-in-csharp-2/

• https://github.com/jhalon/SharpCall

Heaven's Gate

• https://wbenny.github.io/2018/11/04/wow64-internals.html

• https://medium.com/@fsx30/hooking-heavens-gate-a-wow64-hooking-technique-5235e1aeed73

• https://mark.rxmsolutions.com/through-the-heavens-gate/

• https://speakerdeck.com/aaaddress1/rebuild-the-heavens-gate-from-32-bit-hell-back-to-heaven-wonderland

• http://blog.rewolf.pl/blog/?p=102

• https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/wow64-subsystem-internals-and-hooking-techniques

• https://www.malwaretech.com/2014/02/the-0x33-segment-selector-heavens-gate.html

• https://int0h.wordpress.com/2009/12/24/the-power-of-wow64/

• https://modexp.wordpress.com/2015/11/19/dllpic-injection-on-windows-from-wow64-process/

Hell's Gate

• https://vxug.fakedoma.in/papers/VXUG/Exclusive/HellsGate.pdf

• https://github.com/am0nsec/HellsGate

Halo's Gate

• https://blog.sektor7.net/#!res/2021/halosgate.md

Acknowledgments

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Thanks for your research and blog posts:

• Paul Laîné (@am0nsec)

• smelly__vx (@smelly__vx)

• reenz0h (@sektor7net)

• Jack Halon (@jack_halon)