Abstract

We propose a method to allow precise and extremely fast mesh extraction from 3D Gaussian Splatting (SIGGRAPH 2023). Gaussian Splatting has recently become very popular as it yields realistic rendering while being significantly faster to train than NeRFs. It is however challenging to extract a mesh from the millions of tiny 3D Gaussians as these Gaussians tend to be unorganized after optimization and no method has been proposed so far. Our first key contribution is a regularization term that encourages the 3D Gaussians to align well with the surface of the scene. We then introduce a method that exploits this alignment to sample points on the real surface of the scene and extract a mesh from the Gaussians using Poisson reconstruction, which is fast, scalable, and preserves details, in contrast to the Marching Cubes algorithm usually applied to extract meshes from Neural SDFs. Finally, we introduce an optional refinement strategy that binds Gaussians to the surface of the mesh, and jointly optimizes these Gaussians and the mesh through Gaussian splatting rendering. This enables easy editing, sculpting, rigging, animating, or relighting of the Gaussians using traditional softwares (Blender, Unity, Unreal Engine, etc.) by manipulating the mesh instead of the Gaussians themselves. Retrieving such an editable mesh for realistic rendering is done within minutes with our method, compared to hours with the state-of-the-art method on neural SDFs, while providing a better rendering quality in terms of PSNR, SSIM and LPIPS.

Hybrid representation (Mesh + Gaussians on the surface)


Underlying mesh without texture

BibTeX

@article{guedon2023sugar,
  title={SuGaR: Surface-Aligned Gaussian Splatting for Efficient 3D Mesh Reconstruction and High-Quality Mesh Rendering},
  author={Gu{\'e}don, Antoine and Lepetit, Vincent},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2311.12775},
  year={2023}
}

Updates and To-do list

Overview

As we explain in the paper, SuGaR optimization starts with first optimizing a 3D Gaussian Splatting model for 7k iterations with no additional regularization term. In this sense, SuGaR is a method that can be applied on top of any 3D Gaussian Splatting model, and a Gaussian Splatting model optimized for 7k iterations must be provided to SuGaR.

Consequently, the current implementation contains a version of the original 3D Gaussian Splatting code, and we built our model as a wrapper of a vanilla 3D Gaussian Splatting model. Please note that, even though this wrapper implementation is convenient for many reasons, it may not be the most optimal one for memory usage, so we might change it in the future.

After optimizing a vanilla Gaussian Splatting model, the SuGaR pipeline consists of 3 main steps, and an optional one:

1. SuGaR optimization: optimizing Gaussians alignment with the surface of the scene
2. Mesh extraction: extracting a mesh from the optimized Gaussians
3. SuGaR refinement: refining the Gaussians and the mesh together to build a hybrid representation
4. Textured mesh extraction (Optional): extracting a traditional textured mesh from the refined SuGaR model

We provide a dedicated script for each of these steps, as well as a script train.py that runs the entire pipeline. We explain how to use this script in the next sections.

Please note that the final step, Textured mesh extraction, is optional but is enabled by default in the train.py script. Indeed, it is very convenient to have a traditional textured mesh for visualization, composition and animation using traditional softwares such as Blender. However, this step is not needed to produce, modify or animate hybrid representations.

Hybrid representation (Mesh + Gaussians on the surface)

Underlying mesh with a traditional colored UV texture

Below is another example of a scene showing a robot with a black and specular material. The following images display the hybrid representation (Mesh + Gaussians on the surface), the mesh with a traditional colored UV texture, and a depth map of the mesh:

Hybrid representation - Textured mesh - Depth map of the mesh

Installation

0. Requirements

The software requirements are the following:

• Conda (recommended for easy setup)
• C++ Compiler for PyTorch extensions
• CUDA toolkit 11.8 for PyTorch extensions
• C++ Compiler and CUDA SDK must be compatible

Please refer to the original 3D Gaussian Splatting repository for more details about requirements.

1. Clone the repository

Start by cloning this repository:

# HTTPS
git clone https://github.com/Anttwo/SuGaR.git --recursive

or

# SSH
git clone [email protected]:Anttwo/SuGaR.git --recursive

2. Install the required Python packages

To install the required Python packages and activate the environment, go inside the SuGaR/ directory and run the following commands:

conda env create -f environment.yml
conda activate sugar

conda create --name sugar -y python=3.9
conda activate sugar
conda install pytorch==2.0.1 torchvision==0.15.2 torchaudio==2.0.2 pytorch-cuda=11.8 -c pytorch -c nvidia
conda install -c fvcore -c iopath -c conda-forge fvcore iopath
conda install pytorch3d==0.7.4 -c pytorch3d
conda install -c plotly plotly
conda install -c conda-forge rich
conda install -c conda-forge plyfile==0.8.1
conda install -c conda-forge jupyterlab
conda install -c conda-forge nodejs
conda install -c conda-forge ipywidgets
pip install open3d
pip install --upgrade PyMCubes

3. Install the Gaussian Splatting rasterizer

Run the following commands inside the sugar directory to install the additional Python submodules required for Gaussian Splatting:

cd gaussian_splatting/submodules/diff-gaussian-rasterization/
pip install -e .
cd ../simple-knn/
pip install -e .
cd ../../../

Please refer to the 3D Gaussian Splatting repository for more details.

Quick Start

Start by optimizing a vanilla Gaussian Splatting model for 7k iterations by running the script gaussian_splatting/train.py, as shown below. Please refer to the original 3D Gaussian Splatting repository for more details. This optimization should be very fast, and last only a few minutes.

python gaussian_splatting/train.py -s <path to COLMAP dataset> --iterations 7000 -m <path to the desired output directory>

Then, run the script train.py in the root directory to optimize a SuGaR model.

python train.py -s <path to COLMAP dataset> -c <path to the Gaussian Splatting checkpoint> -r <"density" or "sdf">

The most important arguments for the train.py script are the following:

We provide more details about the two regularization methods "density" and "sdf" in the next section. For reconstructing detailed objects centered in the scene with 360° coverage, "density" provides a better foreground mesh. For a stronger regularization and a better balance between foreground and background, choose "sdf".
The default configuration is high_poly with refinement_time set to "long". Results are saved in the output/ directory.

As we explain in the paper, this script extracts a mesh in 30~35 minutes on average on a single GPU. After mesh extraction, the refinement time only takes a few minutes when using --refinement_time "short", but can take up to an hour when using --refinement_time "long". A short refinement time is enough to produce a good-looking hybrid representation in most cases.

Please note that the optimization time may vary (from 20 to 45 minutes) depending on the complexity of the scene and the GPU used. Moreover, the current implementation splits the optimization into 3 scripts that can be run separately (SuGaR optimization, mesh extraction, model refinement) so it reloads the data at each part, which is not optimal and takes several minutes. We will update the code in a near future to optimize this.

Below is a detailed list of all the command line arguments for the train.py script.

Installing and using the real-time viewer

Please find here a short video illustrating how to use the viewer.

1. Installation

The viewer is currently built for Linux and Mac OS. It is not compatible with Windows. For Windows users, we recommend to use WSL2 (Windows Subsystem for Linux), as it is very easy to install and use. Please refer to the official documentation for more details.
We thank Mark Kellogg for his awesome 3D Gaussian Splatting implementation for Three.js, which we used for building this viewer.

Please start by installing the latest versions of Node.js (such as 21.x) and npm. A simple way to do this is to run the following commands (using aptitude):

curl -fsSL https://deb.nodesource.com/setup_21.x | sudo -E bash -
sudo apt-get install -y nodejs
sudo apt-get install aptitude
sudo aptitude install -y npm

Then, go inside the ./sugar_viewer/ directory and run the following commands:

npm install
cd ..

2. Usage

First, make sure you have exported a .ply file and an .obj file using the train.py script. The .ply file contains the refined 3D Gaussians, and the .obj file contains the textured mesh. These files are exported by default when running the train.py script, so if you ran the code with default values for --export_ply and --export_uv_textured_mesh, you should be good to go.

The ply file should be located in ./output/refined_ply/<your scene name>/. Then, just run the following command in the root directory to start the viewer:

python run_viewer.py -p <path to the .ply file>

Please make sure your .ply file is located in the right folder, and use a relative path starting with ./output/refined_ply. This command will redirect you to a local URL. Click on the link to open the viewer in your browser. Click the icons on the top right to switch between the different representations (hybrid representation, textured mesh, wireframe mesh). Use the mouse to rotate the scene, and the mouse wheel to zoom in and out.

Tips for using SuGaR on your own data and obtain better reconstructions

1. Capture images or videos that cover the entire surface of the scene

Using a smartphone or a camera, capture images or a video that cover the entire surface of the 3D scene you want to reconstruct. The easiest way to do this is to move around the scene while recording a video. Try to move slowly and smoothly in order to avoid motion blur. For consistent reconstruction and easier camera pose estimation with COLMAP, maintaining a uniform focal length and a constant exposure time is also important. We recommend to disable auto-focus on your smartphone to ensure that the focal length remains constant.

For better reconstructions, try to cover objects from several and different angles, especially for thin and detailed parts of the scene. Indeed, SuGaR is able to reconstruct very thin and detailed objects, but some artifacts may appear if these thin objects are not covered enough and are visible only from one side in the training images.

However, such artifacts are not visible in the hybrid representation, because the gaussian texturing gives low-opacity to these artifacts during refinement.

We already have simple ideas that could help to avoid such artifacts, such as (a) identifying new camera poses that cover parts of the surface non-visible in the training images that are likely to be on the same level set as the visible parts, and (b) adding these camera poses to the set of cameras used for sampling the points when applying Poisson reconstruction. We will update the code in a near future to include this.

To convert a video to images, you can install ffmpeg and run the following command:

ffmpeg -i <Path to the video file> -qscale:v 1 -qmin 1 -vf fps=<FPS> %04d.jpg

where <FPS> is the desired sampling rate of the video images. An FPS value of 1 corresponds to sampling one image per second. We recommend to adjust the sampling rate to the length of the video, so that the number of sampled images is between 100 and 300.

2. Estimate camera poses with COLMAP

Please first install a recent version of COLMAP (ideally CUDA-powered) and make sure to put the images you want to use in a directory <location>/input. Then, run the script gaussian_splatting/convert.py from the original Gaussian splatting implementation to compute the camera poses from the images using COLMAP. Please refer to the original 3D Gaussian Splatting repository for more details.

python gaussian_splatting/convert.py -s <location>

Sometimes COLMAP fails to reconstruct all images into the same model and hence produces multiple sub-models. The smaller sub-models generally contain only a few images. However, by default, the script convert.py will apply Image Undistortion only on the first sub-model, which may contain only a few images.

If this is the case, a simple solution is to keep only the largest sub-model and discard the others. To do this, open the source directory containing your input images, then open the sub-directory <Source_directory>/distorted/sparse/. You should see several sub-directories named 0/, 1/, etc., each containing a sub-model. Remove all sub-directories except the one containing the largest files, and rename it to 0/. Then, run the script convert.py one more time but skip the matching process:

python gaussian_splatting/convert.py -s <location> --skip_matching

Note: If the sub-models have common registered images, they could be merged into a single model as post-processing step using COLMAP; However, merging sub-models requires to run another global bundle adjustment after the merge, which can be time consuming.

3. Density or SDF? Choose a regularization method that fits your scene

As we explain in the paper, we provide two separate regularization methods for SuGaR: a density regularization and an SDF regularization. The density regularization is the simplest one and works well with objects centered in the scene. The SDF provides a stronger regularization, especially in background regions. As a consequence, the SDF regularization produces higher metrics on standard datasets. However, for reconstructing an object centered in the scene with images taken from all around the object, the simpler density regularization generally produces a better mesh.

Therefore, we recommend the following when using the train.py script:

• For reconstructing detailed objects centered in the scene with 360° coverage (such as the toys we reconstructed in our presentation video), start with the density regularization -r 'density'. However, this may result in more chaotic Gaussians in the background.
• For reconstructing more challenging scenes or enforcing a stronger regularization in the background, use the SDF regularization -r 'sdf'.

4. I have holes in my mesh, what can I do?

If you have holes in your mesh, this means the cleaning step of the Poisson mesh is too aggressive for your scene. You can reduce the treshold vertices_density_quantile used for cleaning by modifying line 43 of sugar_extractors/coarse_mesh.py. For example, you can change this line from

  vertices_density_quantile = 0.1

to

  vertices_density_quantile = 0.

5. I have messy ellipsoidal bumps on the surface of my mesh, what can I do?

Depending on your scene, the default hyperparameters used for Poisson reconstruction may be too fine compared to the size of the Gaussians. Gaussian could then become visible on the mesh, which results in messy ellipsoidal bumps on the surface of the mesh. This could happen if the camera trajectory is very close to a simple foreground object, for example.
To fix this, you can reduce the depth of Poisson reconstruction poisson_depth by modifying line 42 of sugar_extractors/coarse_mesh.py.
For example, you can change line 42 from

  poisson_depth = 10

to

  poisson_depth = 7

You may also try poisson_depth = 6, or poisson_depth = 8 if the result is not satisfying.

6. (Optional) Adapt the scale and the bounding box of the scene

As it is explained in the original 3D Gaussian Splatting repository, the method is expected to reconstruct a scene with reasonable scale. For reconstructing much larger datasets, like a city district, the original authors recommend to lower the learning rates of the positions and scaling factors of the Gaussians. The more extensive the scene, the lower these values should be.

Concerning SuGaR, such learning rates should also be lowered when reconstructing a very large scene. Moreover, as we explain in the supplementary material of the paper, for extracting a mesh from the Gaussians with an optimal repartition of vertices, we apply two Poisson reconstructions in practice: one on foreground Gaussians, and one on background Gaussians. The foreground Gaussians are defined as the Gaussians located inside a predefined bounding box, and the background Gaussians are defined as the Gaussians located outside this bounding box.

By default, this bounding box is computed as the bounding box of all camera centers. This general approach is coherent with how the original 3D Gaussian Splatting scales the learning rates. We used this default bounding box for all the reconstructions shown in the paper and the presentation video.

However, this bounding box might not be optimal in very specific cases, especially when the user wants to reconstruct with high details a very specific object located somewhere in the scene, or if the scene is very large, or if the camera centers are very far from the scene. The user is free to provide a custom bounding box to the train.py script, using the parameters --bboxmin and --bboxmax. Please note that the bounding box must be provided as strings, formatted as "(x,y,z)", where x, y and z are the coordinates of the min and max points of the bounding box.

Rendering, composition and animation

The view_sugar_results.ipynb notebook and the metrics.py script provides examples of how to load a refined SuGaR model for rendering a scene with the hybrid representation and the Gaussian Splatting rasterizer. We will add more details about this in a near future.

We also provide in the blender directory several python scripts to export from Blender composition and animation data of SuGaR meshes modified or animated within Blender. Additionally, we provide in the sugar_scene/sugar_compositor.py script a Python class that can be used to import such animation or composition data into PyTorch and apply it to the SuGaR hybrid representation.

The hybrid representation allows for high-quality rendering of the scene with the Gaussian Splatting rasterizer, as shown below.

The usage of these scripts and class may be a bit tricky, so we will add a detailed tutorial on how to use them in a near future.

Evaluation

To evaluate the quality of the reconstructions, we provide a script metrics.py that computes the PSNR, SSIM and LPIPS metrics on test images. Start by optimizing SuGaR models for the desired scenes and a regularization method ("density" or "sdf"), then create a .json config file containing the paths to the scenes in the following format: {source_images_dir_path: vanilla_gaussian_splatting_checkpoint_path}.

Finally, run the script as follows:

python metrics.py --scene_config <Path to the .json file> -r <"sdf" or "density"> 

Results are saved in a .json file in the output/metrics/ directory. Please refer to the script for more details on the command line arguments.